Nucleic acids are large, complex molecules that store and transmit genetic information in all living organisms. They are essential for heredity, protein synthesis, and the regulation of cellular activities.
There are two main types of nucleic acids:
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Here’s a explanation:
- Structure:
- Nucleic acids are made up of smaller units called nucleotides.
- Each nucleotide has three parts:
- A sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA)
- A phosphate group
- A nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C in DNA; A, U, G, C in RNA)
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
- DNA stores genetic instructions used to build and maintain the organism.
- It has a double-helix structure — two strands twisted around each other.
- The sequence of its bases (A, T, G, C) forms the genetic code.
- RNA (Ribonucleic Acid):
- RNA helps carry out the instructions from DNA to make proteins.
- It is usually single-stranded.
- Types of RNA include mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
- Functions of Nucleic Acids:
- Store genetic information (DNA).
- Transmit genetic information from one generation to the next.
- Guide protein synthesis (through RNA).
- Control cell functions by regulating which proteins are made.
In short:
Nucleic acids are the molecules that carry the blueprint of life. DNA holds the genetic code, and RNA helps use that code to make proteins — together, they control all the cell’s functions and heredity.