Mass spectrometry (MS) in drug analysis:
Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique used to identify, quantify, and study the structure of drugs and their metabolites. It measures the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of charged particles to give detailed information about a compound’s molecular structure and composition.
Here’s how it is used in drug analysis, explained:
1. Identifying Drug Molecules
Mass spectrometry helps confirm the chemical identity of a drug by measuring its molecular weight and fragmentation pattern.
- Each drug produces a unique “mass spectrum,” which acts like a chemical fingerprint.
2. Determining Drug Purity
It detects impurities or contaminants in drug samples, even in very small amounts.
- This ensures the final pharmaceutical product is pure and safe for use.
3. Quantifying Drug Concentration
MS can measure how much of a drug is present in a sample — for example, in blood, urine, or tissues.
- This helps in therapeutic drug monitoring to ensure correct dosage levels in patients.
4. Studying Drug Metabolism
After a drug enters the body, it changes into other compounds (metabolites).
- MS helps identify these metabolites to understand how the drug is absorbed, broken down, and eliminated.
5. Detecting Drugs in Biological Samples
Mass spectrometry is widely used in forensic toxicology and clinical testing to detect drugs of abuse or illegal substances in the body.
- For example, it can find traces of drugs in urine samples with high accuracy.
6. Supporting Drug Development
In pharmaceutical research, MS helps chemists verify the chemical structure of new drug candidates and monitor reactions during synthesis.
- This ensures that the correct compound is produced before clinical testing.
7. Stability and Degradation Studies
It is used to detect degradation products formed when drugs are exposed to heat, light, or moisture.
- This helps determine a drug’s shelf life and storage conditions.
8. Quality Control and Regulatory Testing
Pharmaceutical companies use MS during manufacturing and quality control to confirm that every batch meets strict regulatory standards for composition and purity.
In short:
Mass spectrometry helps scientists and pharmacists identify, measure, and ensure the safety, purity, and stability of drugs. It plays a key role at every stage — from drug discovery and development to manufacturing and clinical use.