Here’s a explanation of the difference between 4f and 5f orbitals:
1. Location and Size
- 4f orbitals → Found in lanthanides, smaller and deep inside the atom.
- 5f orbitals → Found in actinides, larger and more spread out, closer to the outer shell.
2. Shielding
- 4f orbitals → Strongly shielded by 5s and 5p electrons, so they interact less with the environment.
- 5f orbitals → Less shielded, more exposed, so they participate more in chemical bonding.
3. Chemical Behavior
- 4f electrons → Mostly do not participate in bonding; chemistry is mostly +3 oxidation state.
- 5f electrons → Participate in bonding, leading to multiple oxidation states (+3 to +6/+7).
4. Magnetism
- 4f electrons → Contribute to weaker magnetism.
- 5f electrons → Contribute to stronger magnetism.
In short:
- 4f = hidden, small, mostly +3
- 5f = spread out, reactive, multiple oxidation states