Eutrophication is the process by which a water body, such as a lake, pond, or river, becomes overly enriched with nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, leading to excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants.
Causes of Eutrophication
- Agricultural Runoff:
- Fertilizers containing nitrates and phosphates wash into water bodies.
- Sewage and Wastewater:
- Domestic and industrial effluents add nutrients to water.
- Detergents and Cleaning Agents:
- Phosphates from soaps and detergents contribute to nutrient loading.
Effects of Eutrophication
- Algal Blooms:
- Rapid growth of algae forms a dense layer on the water surface.
- Oxygen Depletion:
- When algae die, their decomposition by bacteria consumes dissolved oxygen, leading to hypoxia.
- Death of Aquatic Life:
- Fish and other organisms die due to low oxygen levels.
- Disruption of Ecosystems:
- Alters the natural balance of aquatic species and can reduce biodiversity.
- Water Quality Degradation:
- Water becomes unsuitable for drinking, recreation, and industrial use.
Prevention Measures
- Reducing fertilizer use and adopting organic farming practices.
- Proper treatment of sewage and industrial effluents.
- Limiting phosphate-based detergents and chemicals.
In short, eutrophication is nutrient over-enrichment of water bodies, leading to oxygen depletion, algal blooms, and harmful effects on aquatic life.