Gamma rays are highly effective for sterilization because their intense energy can destroy microorganisms — including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores — without using heat or chemicals. This makes them ideal for sterilizing heat-sensitive materials.
How gamma-ray sterilization works:
- DNA and cell structure damage
- Gamma rays penetrate deep into the material and ionize molecules.
- This breaks DNA strands and damages cell membranes, preventing microorganisms from reproducing or surviving.
- Deep penetration
- Unlike UV light, gamma rays can pass through thick packages, making it possible to sterilize sealed products without opening them.
- Non-thermal method
- No heat is involved, so it’s safe for plastics, medical instruments, and food.
Applications:
- Medical equipment
- Surgical tools, syringes, catheters, implants, and gloves are sterilized using gamma rays (commonly from Cobalt-60 sources).
- Pharmaceuticals
- Certain drugs and disposable medical supplies are sterilized without altering their composition.
- Food irradiation
- Used to kill bacteria, insects, and parasites in foods like spices, grains, and dried fruits while extending shelf life.
- Packaging materials
- Gamma sterilization ensures sterile packaging for medical and food products.
Advantages:
- Works through sealed packaging.
- No chemical residues.
- Suitable for mass sterilization.
Precautions:
- Requires strict safety controls due to radiation hazards.