Gamma rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with the shortest wavelength and highest frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum. They carry extremely high energy, much more than X-rays, and are capable of penetrating most materials, including human tissue and thick metal, to varying degrees.
They are usually produced in:
- Nuclear reactions (e.g., radioactive decay of certain isotopes like cobalt-60).
- Subatomic particle interactions (e.g., in particle accelerators or cosmic events).
- Astronomical processes (e.g., supernovae, neutron stars, black holes).
Key properties:
- Wavelength: less than 0.01 nanometers (often in the picometer range).
- Frequency: above 10²⁰ hertz.
- Very high penetrating power.
- Invisible to the human eye.
Uses:
- Medical: Cancer treatment through gamma knife radiosurgery.
- Industrial: Checking welds and materials for defects.
- Scientific: Studying nuclear and space phenomena.
Hazards:
Because of their high energy, gamma rays can damage cells and DNA, leading to radiation sickness, cancer, or death if exposure is high. Therefore, strict safety measures (lead shielding, controlled exposure times) are essential.