The main difference between longitudinal and transverse waves lies in the direction of particle vibration relative to the direction of wave propagation:
Longitudinal Waves
- Particle vibration is parallel to the direction the wave travels.
- Particles move back and forth in the same direction as the wave.
- Example: Sound waves in air, where air molecules compress and expand along the wave’s path.
- Characterized by compressions (high pressure) and rarefactions (low pressure).
Transverse Waves
- Particle vibration is perpendicular to the direction the wave travels.
- Particles move up and down or side to side, while the wave moves forward.
- Example: Light waves, water waves, and waves on a string.
- Characterized by crests (high points) and troughs (low points).