Definition
An ether is an organic compound in which an oxygen atom is connected to two alkyl groups or aryl groups (R–O–R′).
General Formula
- For simple ethers: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂O
- Same as alcohols (they are functional group isomers).
Types of Ethers
- Simple (Symmetrical) ethers – both groups are the same (e.g., diethyl ether).
- Mixed (Unsymmetrical) ethers – groups are different (e.g., ethyl methyl ether).
- Aromatic ethers – one or both groups are aromatic (e.g., anisole, which is methyl phenyl ether).
Properties
- Colorless, volatile liquids with pleasant smell.
- Less reactive than alcohols and phenols.
- Insoluble or sparingly soluble in water (small ethers dissolve, larger ones do not).
- Good solvents for oils, fats, waxes, and resins.
- Highly flammable and can form explosive peroxides when exposed to air and light for long periods.
Uses
- Commonly used as solvents in laboratories and industries.
- Some ethers (like diethyl ether) were used as anesthetics.
- Fuel additives (e.g., MTBE).
- Extraction of natural products.
In short: An ether is an organic compound with the general structure R–O–R′, where oxygen links two carbon groups.