Post-processual archaeology is a theoretical approach in archaeology that emerged in the 1980s as a reaction against processual archaeology. It emphasizes the subjectivity of archaeological interpretations, the role of human agency, and the importance of social and ideological factors in past societies.
Key aspects of post-processual archaeology include:
- Subjectivity of Interpretation – Unlike processual archaeology, which aims for objective, scientific interpretations, post-processualists argue that all archaeological interpretations are influenced by the perspectives and biases of researchers.
- Human Agency and Meaning – It focuses on the active role of individuals in shaping history, rather than seeing human behavior as strictly determined by environmental or material conditions.
- Symbolism and Ideology – Post-processualists stress the importance of cultural symbols, beliefs, and ideologies in shaping human behavior and material culture.
- Multivocality – They argue for incorporating multiple perspectives, including those of indigenous groups, local communities, and other stakeholders, rather than just the archaeologist’s viewpoint.
- Critique of Scientific Positivism – Post-processualists challenge the idea that archaeology can be purely scientific, emphasizing the role of interpretation, reflexivity, and critical theory.
Notable archaeologists associated with post-processualism include Ian Hodder, who advocated for a more interpretive and humanistic approach to archaeology.