The principles of titration are the basic ideas that ensure a volumetric analysis accurately determines the amount of an unknown substance. They can be explained simply as follows:
1. Chemical Reaction Between Analyte and Titrant
- Titration is based on a complete and definite chemical reaction between the substance being analyzed (analyte) and the standard solution (titrant).
- The reaction should occur in a fixed ratio, so the amount of analyte can be calculated from the volume of titrant used.
2. Use of Standard Solution
- A solution of known concentration (titrant) is used.
- Its concentration must be accurately known to calculate the unknown accurately.
3. End Point Detection
- The point at which the reaction is complete is called the end point.
- It is usually detected using:
- Indicators (color change)
- Instrumental methods (pH meter, conductivity, etc.)
4. Stoichiometry
- The titration calculation relies on the stoichiometric relationship between the titrant and analyte.
- Knowing the ratio allows you to calculate the amount or concentration of the unknown.
5. Accuracy and Precision
- The procedure should minimize errors:
- Proper measurement of volumes
- Correct choice of indicator
- Complete reaction between reactants
Summary:
Titration works by reacting a known volume of a solution of known concentration with an unknown solution, observing the end point, and using stoichiometry to calculate the unknown amount.