Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can pose serious health risks to humans, as well as harm the environment. The dangers depend on the type of UV radiation (UVA, UVB, or UVC) and the duration and intensity of exposure. Here are the main dangers:
1. Skin Damage
- Sunburn (Erythema): Caused mainly by UVB rays, leading to redness, pain, and blistering.
- Premature Aging: UVA penetrates deep into the skin, causing wrinkles, leathery texture, and age spots.
- Skin Cancer: Prolonged UV exposure damages DNA in skin cells, increasing the risk of:
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma (most deadly)
2. Eye Damage
- Photokeratitis (Snow blindness): A painful, temporary condition like sunburn of the eye.
- Cataracts: UV radiation contributes to the clouding of the lens, which can lead to vision loss.
- Macular Degeneration: Long-term exposure can damage the retina and impair central vision.
3. Immune System Suppression
- UV radiation can weaken the body’s immune response, reducing its ability to fight off infections and increasing the risk of illness.
4. DNA and Cellular Damage
- UV rays can cause mutations in DNA, which may lead to cell malfunction, aging, or cancer.
5. Environmental Harm
- UV radiation can affect phytoplankton in oceans, disrupting food chains.
- It can also damage plant tissues, affecting crop yield and ecosystem balance.
Risk Factors:
- Fair skin, light eyes, and hair
- High altitudes or equatorial regions
- Outdoor work or recreation without protection
- Use of tanning beds