How does the caste system function in India?

The caste system in India is a complex social hierarchy that divides people into groups based on birth, occupation, and social status. Historically, the system was rooted in Hinduism but has also influenced other communities in India. Here’s an overview of how it functions:

1. Origins and Structure: The caste system originated over 2,000 years ago, with the division of society into four main groups, known as the varnas:
   • Brahmins: Priests, scholars, and teachers.
   • Kshatriyas: Warriors, rulers, and administrators.
   • Vaishyas: Merchants, traders, and farmers.
   • Shudras: Laborers and service providers.
   There’s also a fifth group, the Dalits (previously known as “Untouchables”), who were considered outside the varna system and faced severe discrimination.
2. Jatis: Over time, the varna system became more complex, and society developed numerous sub-castes or jatis, based on factors like region, profession, and social status. This made the caste system even more nuanced and localized.
3. Social and Economic Implications: The caste system was not just a social construct; it also dictated one’s profession, social interactions, marriage possibilities, and access to resources. People in the higher castes generally had more wealth, education, and political power, while those in lower castes faced significant disadvantages, including discrimination and exclusion.
4. Untouchability: The concept of untouchability was associated with the Dalits, who were seen as “impure” and relegated to the lowest positions in society. They were often subjected to severe mistreatment, such as being denied access to water sources, public spaces, and temples.
5. Colonial and Post-Independence Changes: During British colonial rule, the caste system became more rigid, as the British administration documented and reinforced caste divisions for administrative purposes. After India gained independence in 1947, the caste system was officially outlawed, and untouchability was abolished through the Indian Constitution (1949). However, caste-based discrimination still persists in many areas, especially in rural parts of the country.
6. Modern-Day India: In contemporary India, caste remains a significant factor in social and political life, despite legal protections against caste-based discrimination. Caste continues to influence issues like marriage, social relationships, and access to education and employment. The government has introduced affirmative action policies, such as reservations (quotas), for lower castes (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes) in education and employment to address historical inequalities.
7. Changing Attitudes: While many people in urban areas and educated sectors have moved away from caste-based discrimination, the influence of caste remains strong in rural areas and in more conservative sections of society. Social reform movements, both religious and political, continue to challenge the caste system and promote equality.