Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) play a central role in storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information in all living organisms.
Key Roles:
- Storage of genetic information (DNA):
- DNA stores all the instructions needed for an organism’s growth, development, and functioning.
- The sequence of nucleotide bases (A, T, G, C) in DNA encodes genes, which are blueprints for proteins.
- Transmission of genetic information:
- During cell division, DNA is replicated, ensuring that genetic information is passed from parent cells to daughter cells.
- DNA also passes genetic information from parents to offspring during reproduction.
- Expression of genetic information (RNA):
- RNA acts as a messenger that carries information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- Types of RNA involved:
- mRNA (messenger RNA): carries the genetic code from DNA
- tRNA (transfer RNA): brings amino acids to the ribosome
- rRNA (ribosomal RNA): forms part of the ribosome
- Regulation of genes:
- Certain nucleic acids regulate which genes are turned on or off, controlling cell function and development.
In short:
Nucleic acids are the molecules of heredity—DNA stores and transmits genetic information, while RNA helps decode and express that information as proteins, enabling life processes.