Spectroscopy in instrumental analysis is a technique that studies how matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation (light). It is used to identify substances, determine their structure, and measure concentrations.
Simple Explanation
- When light or other electromagnetic radiation passes through a sample, some energy is absorbed, emitted, or scattered by the molecules or atoms.
- This interaction depends on the type of atoms, bonds, and electronic structure of the sample.
- By measuring these changes, scientists can get information about the composition and structure of the substance.
Types of Spectroscopy
- UV-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy: Measures light absorption in the ultraviolet or visible range; used for concentration and studying molecules with double bonds.
- Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Measures absorption of infrared light; identifies functional groups in molecules.
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to study atomic nuclei; gives detailed structural information.
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Measures light emitted by molecules after excitation; used for trace detection and biomolecules.
- Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS): Measures absorption by atoms; used for metal analysis.
Why Spectroscopy is Useful
- Determines chemical structure and functional groups.
- Measures concentration of substances accurately.
- Can be non-destructive, leaving the sample intact.
- Works for complex mixtures without complete separation.
In Short
Spectroscopy is a technique that studies how substances interact with light or other electromagnetic radiation to provide information about their structure, composition, and concentration.