How do microwave ovens work to heat food?

Microwave ovens heat food using microwave radiation to excite water and other polar molecules within the food. Here’s how the process works step by step:

1. Microwave Generation:
   The oven contains a device called a magnetron, which generates microwaves at a frequency of about 2.45 GHz.
2. Wave Distribution:
   These microwaves are directed into the cooking chamber, where they bounce around and penetrate the food from multiple angles. A turntable rotates the food to promote even heating.
3. Molecular Vibration:
   Microwaves cause polar molecules, especially water, to vibrate rapidly. This vibration creates molecular friction, which produces heat.
4. Internal Heating:
   Since microwaves can penetrate several centimeters into food, the heat is generated inside the food, not just on the surface. This leads to faster cooking compared to conventional ovens.
5. Heat Transfer:
   The heat spreads from the inside out through conduction, warming the entire item.