Industrial-era buildings, primarily from the late 18th to early 20th centuries, were shaped by advancements in materials, engineering, and manufacturing. Key features include:
- Brick and Steel Construction – Early industrial buildings used brick and stone, later incorporating iron and steel for greater structural strength.
- Large Windows – Often multi-pane and tall, these windows maximized natural light for factory work before widespread electric lighting.
- Open Floor Plans – Factories, mills, and warehouses had large, open interiors to accommodate machinery and assembly lines.
- Exposed Structural Elements – Beams, columns, and riveted steel frames were often visible, emphasizing function over ornamentation.
- High Ceilings – Allowed for better ventilation and space for large machinery.
- Sawtooth Roofs – Common in factories to enhance natural lighting through north-facing glass panels.
- Functional Ornamentation – While mostly utilitarian, some buildings featured decorative brickwork, cornices, or classical influences in facades.
- Loading Docks and Large Doors – Designed for easy transportation of goods, often featuring arched or rolling metal doors.
- Chimneys and Ventilation Shafts – Necessary for steam-powered machinery and air circulation.
- Cast-Iron Columns – Used in mills and warehouses to support multiple stories while keeping interiors spacious.
Many of these buildings have been repurposed into lofts, offices, and commercial spaces while maintaining their historic character.