Transition metals have several characteristic properties because of their partially filled d-orbitals. Here’s a list:
- Variable oxidation states:
- Can form ions with different charges (like +2, +3, +4).
- Colored compounds:
- Most transition metal compounds are colored due to d-d electron transitions.
- Magnetic properties:
- Can be paramagnetic (have unpaired electrons) or diamagnetic (all electrons paired).
- Formation of complex ions:
- Can bond with ligands to form coordination complexes.
- High melting and boiling points:
- Strong metallic bonding makes them hard, dense, and strong.
- Good conductors:
- Conduct heat and electricity well.
- Catalytic activity:
- Many act as catalysts in chemical reactions (like Fe in Haber process).
- Alloy formation:
- Can combine with other metals to form alloys with desirable properties.
In short: Transition metals are strong, dense, often colored, can have many oxidation states, form complexes, and act as catalysts.