A mass spectrometer has several key components, each with a specific role in analyzing a sample.
Here’s a breakdown:
1. Sample Introduction System
- Brings the sample into the instrument.
- Can handle gases, liquids, or solids (often vaporized first).
2. Ion Source
- Converts molecules into ions (charged particles).
- Common types:
- Electron Impact (EI) – knocks electrons off molecules.
- Electrospray Ionization (ESI) – produces ions from liquid samples.
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) – uses a laser for large biomolecules.
3. Mass Analyzer
- Separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z).
- Common types:
- Quadrupole – uses electric fields to filter ions.
- Time-of-Flight (TOF) – measures how fast ions travel.
- Magnetic Sector – bends ion paths with a magnetic field.
4. Detector
- Measures the ions that reach it.
- Produces a signal proportional to the number of ions.
- Common types: Electron multiplier, Faraday cup.
5. Data System
- Collects and processes the signals.
- Produces a mass spectrum showing m/z values and intensity.
- Can calculate molecular weight, identify compounds, and provide structural information.
In short:
A mass spectrometer consists of:
Sample Introduction → Ion Source → Mass Analyzer → Detector → Data System
Each part works together to ionize, separate, detect, and analyze the sample.