d-block elements, also called transition metals, have many practical applications because of their unique properties such as variable oxidation states, ability to form colored compounds, and catalytic activity. Here are some real-world uses:
1. Catalysts in Industry
- Iron is used in the Haber process for producing ammonia.
- Platinum and Palladium are used in catalytic converters in cars to reduce harmful emissions.
- Vanadium pentoxide acts as a catalyst in making sulfuric acid.
2. Construction and Alloys
- Titanium is strong and lightweight, used in aircraft, spacecraft, and implants.
- Chromium is added to steel to make stainless steel.
- Nickel is used in alloys for coins, batteries, and turbines.
3. Electronics and Batteries
- Copper is widely used in electrical wiring.
- Silver and Gold are used in electronics due to high conductivity.
- Lithium-cobalt oxide (with cobalt, a d-block element) is used in rechargeable batteries.
4. Medicine
- Cisplatin, a platinum compound, is used in cancer chemotherapy.
- Gold compounds are used to treat arthritis.
- Iron is essential in hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
5. Pigments and Dyes
- Titanium dioxide is used as a white pigment in paints and sunscreens.
- Chromium compounds give green and red colors in paints and glass.
- Cobalt salts are used in blue pigments.
6. Jewelry and Coins
- Gold, Silver, Platinum are used for making jewelry and coins.
- Rhodium and Palladium are also used in high-value jewelry plating.
7. Magnetic Materials
- Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel are used to make magnets and magnetic storage devices.
In short, d-block elements are vital in industry, medicine, electronics, construction, and daily life due to their versatile chemical and physical properties.