Here’s a clear explanation of the types of radioactive decay without using equations:
1. Alpha Decay
- The nucleus emits an alpha particle, which is made of 2 protons and 2 neutrons (like a helium nucleus).
- The element loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons, so it changes into a different element.
2. Beta Decay
There are two kinds:
- Beta-minus decay: A neutron in the nucleus turns into a proton, and an electron is emitted. The element changes to one with one more proton.
- Beta-plus decay (positron emission): A proton turns into a neutron, and a positron is emitted. The element changes to one with one less proton.
3. Gamma Decay
- The nucleus releases high-energy radiation called gamma rays.
- No protons or neutrons are lost; only energy is released, so the element stays the same.
4. Neutron Emission
- The nucleus emits a neutron.
- The mass decreases, but the element (number of protons) stays the same.
5. Electron Capture
- The nucleus captures an electron from its own inner shell.
- A proton turns into a neutron, so the element changes to one with one less proton.
6. Spontaneous Fission
- The nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei and releases neutrons and energy.
- This produces different elements and a lot of energy.
Quick Memory Tip:
- Alpha: big particle leaves → loses 2 protons
- Beta: proton ↔ neutron change → emits electron or positron
- Gamma: just energy → no change in particles
- Neutron emission: loses a neutron
- Electron capture: gains an electron → proton becomes neutron
- Fission: nucleus splits → multiple new elements