How did colonialism influence early anthropological studies?

Colonialism had a significant and complex influence on early anthropological studies. The field of anthropology emerged during the 19th century, a time when many European powers were involved in colonial expansion. Here are a few ways colonialism shaped early anthropological thought:

1. Focus on “Exotic” Cultures: Early anthropologists often studied non-Western societies, particularly those in colonies, viewing them as “primitive” or “savage” compared to European societies. Colonialism provided a steady flow of subjects for anthropologists to observe, categorize, and analyze, reinforcing ideas of European superiority.
2. Ethnographic Practices: Many early anthropologists were either directly involved with colonial administrations or conducted fieldwork in colonies. Their research methods were often influenced by the colonial context, sometimes prioritizing the interests of colonial powers over the rights and perspectives of the people being studied. This led to biased and exploitative representations of indigenous cultures.
3. Racial Theories: Anthropologists in the colonial period often worked within the framework of racial theories that were popular at the time, which were deeply tied to colonial ideologies. They often categorized people into racial hierarchies, with Europeans at the top and other groups, especially indigenous populations, placed lower. These racial categorizations justified colonial domination and exploitation.
4. Exoticizing and Othering: Colonialism promoted a view of colonized peoples as fundamentally different and inferior. Early anthropological studies contributed to this by emphasizing the “otherness” of these cultures. Anthropologists often portrayed non-Western societies as static and unchanging, reinforcing the idea that European civilization was more advanced and progressive.
5. Contributions to Colonial Governance: Anthropological knowledge was sometimes used to justify and support colonial rule. For example, understanding the social structures, languages, and customs of colonized groups could be used by colonial powers to administer and control populations. Some anthropologists worked closely with colonial authorities to help them understand the societies they ruled over, sometimes with the intention of maintaining order or pacifying resistance.
6. Imperialist Legacy in Anthropology: Many early anthropologists, especially in the British, French, and German traditions, were influenced by imperialist ideologies. Their work reflected and perpetuated colonial assumptions, though over time, critical perspectives within the discipline began to challenge and deconstruct these legacies.