Hormones play an important role in regulating gene expression by acting as chemical messengers that control when and how certain genes are turned on or off in plant cells.
When a hormone is produced, it moves to target cells and binds to specific receptor proteins. This binding starts a signal that reaches the nucleus, where genes are located. The signal can either activate or repress the transcription of certain genes, depending on the hormone and the plant’s needs.
For example, auxins promote cell elongation by turning on genes that loosen the cell wall. Gibberellins activate genes that help seeds break dormancy and grow. Cytokinins stimulate cell division by switching on genes that promote DNA and protein synthesis. Abscisic acid (ABA) usually turns on stress-related genes to help the plant survive drought or cold. Ethylene controls genes related to fruit ripening and leaf fall.
Hormones work together in balance. Sometimes one hormone activates a gene while another blocks it. This interaction allows plants to respond precisely to changes in light, gravity, temperature, and stress.
In short, plant hormones regulate gene expression by sending signals that turn specific genes on or off, helping the plant grow, develop, and adapt to its environment.