Archaeologists study sunken cities using a combination of underwater excavation techniques, remote sensing technology, and historical research. Here are some key methods they use:
1. Underwater Surveying and Mapping
- Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging): Side-scan sonar and multi-beam sonar are used to create detailed maps of the seafloor and identify submerged structures.
- LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): Airborne or underwater LIDAR can detect underwater features with high accuracy.
- ROVs and AUVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles & Autonomous Underwater Vehicles): These robotic systems help explore deep or dangerous underwater sites.
2. Excavation Techniques
- Diving Archaeologists: Professional divers carefully remove sediment and document findings using underwater photography and videography.
- Water Dredges and Airlifts: These devices help remove sediments while minimizing damage to fragile artifacts.
- Grid Systems: Archaeologists set up grids underwater to systematically excavate and record discoveries.
3. Preservation and Analysis
- In Situ Conservation: Sometimes, structures and artifacts are left in place and protected due to the risk of damage from exposure.
- Artifact Recovery: Items like pottery, statues, and tools are carefully brought to the surface and preserved in specialized labs.
- Material Analysis: Radiocarbon dating, DNA analysis, and chemical testing help determine the age, origin, and use of artifacts.
4. Historical and Geological Context
- Ancient Texts and Maps: Historical records help locate and interpret sunken cities.
- Paleoclimate Studies: Studying past climate changes can explain why a city was submerged.
- Tectonic and Sea-Level Analysis: Researchers examine geological shifts and rising sea levels to understand how and when a city was lost.
Famous sunken cities like Heracleion (Egypt), Pavlopetri (Greece), and Dwarka (India) have been explored using these techniques, revealing fascinating insights into ancient civilizations.