What are the advantages and limitations of XRD?

Here’s a summary of the advantages and limitations of X-ray diffraction (XRD):

Advantages:

1. Non-destructive – XRD does not destroy the sample, so it can be analyzed further.
2. Phase identification – Can identify different crystalline phases in a sample.
3. Crystal structure analysis – Provides detailed information about atomic arrangement in crystals.
4. Quantitative analysis – Can estimate the proportion of different phases in a mixture.
5. Nanomaterial characterization – Can measure crystallite size, strain, and defects in nanoparticles.
6. Quality control – Useful in industries like pharmaceuticals, metals, and ceramics to ensure product consistency.
7. Versatility – Works with powders, single crystals, thin films, and coatings.

Limitations:

1. Requires crystalline materials – Amorphous materials give weak or broad patterns.
2. Complex data analysis – Determining detailed structures, especially for powders, can be complicated.
3. Detection limit – Minor phases (<1–2%) may be difficult to detect.
4. Sample preparation – Powder samples must be fine and uniform to get good results.
5. Equipment cost – XRD instruments are expensive and require trained operators.
6. Radiation hazards – X-rays are harmful, so safety precautions are necessary.

In short, XRD is a powerful tool for studying crystalline materials, but it has limitations with amorphous samples, minor phases, and requires careful handling and interpretation.