Electromagnetic waves interact with matter in several ways depending on the wave’s frequency, the material’s properties, and the energy involved. Here are the main types of interactions:
1. Reflection
- When electromagnetic waves hit a surface, some or all of the waves can bounce back.
- Example: Light reflecting off a mirror.
2. Refraction
- Waves change direction when passing from one medium to another because their speed changes.
- Example: Light bending when it goes from air into water.
3. Absorption
- Matter absorbs the energy of electromagnetic waves, often converting it to heat or causing electronic excitations.
- Example: Microwave energy absorbed by water molecules heats food.
4. Transmission
- Waves pass through a material without being absorbed or reflected significantly.
- Example: Visible light passing through glass.
5. Scattering
- Waves spread out in different directions after interacting with small particles or irregularities.
- Example: Blue sky caused by scattering of sunlight by air molecules.
6. Photoelectric Effect
- High-frequency electromagnetic waves (like UV or X-rays) can eject electrons from a material.
- This shows the particle nature of light.