In material science and engineering, X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a key tool for understanding the structure and properties of materials. Here’s how it is used:
- Phase identification – XRD identifies the different crystalline phases in metals, alloys, ceramics, and composites, which affects their mechanical and chemical properties.
- Crystal structure determination – Engineers use XRD to determine the atomic arrangement in materials, which is critical for designing materials with desired properties.
- Texture and orientation analysis – XRD reveals the preferred orientation of crystals in metals, thin films, or coatings, which can influence strength, conductivity, or corrosion resistance.
- Residual stress and strain measurement – XRD can measure internal stresses or lattice strain in components, helping to predict mechanical performance and failure.
- Nanomaterial characterization – XRD helps determine crystallite size, defects, and lattice strain in nanoparticles, nanowires, and thin films.
- Quality control and material verification – XRD ensures materials meet specifications in industrial production, such as checking purity, composition, and phase consistency.
- Phase transformations – XRD tracks changes in crystal structure during heat treatment, alloying, or chemical reactions, which is important for developing new materials.
In short, XRD provides detailed structural information that helps scientists and engineers design, test, and optimize materials for specific applications, from aerospace alloys to electronic devices.