X-rays help in studying the internal structures of materials because they can penetrate matter and interact with atoms in ways that reveal what’s inside without cutting or damaging the sample.
Here’s how they are used:
- Different absorption for different materials
- Dense areas (like metals or bones) absorb more X-rays and appear lighter on the image.
- Less dense areas absorb fewer X-rays and appear darker.
- This contrast allows visualization of internal features.
- X-ray imaging (radiography)
- Produces 2D images showing cracks, voids, inclusions, or other defects inside materials.
- Common in medical, industrial, and security applications.
- X-ray diffraction (XRD)
- Uses the scattering of X-rays by atoms in a regular arrangement to reveal the crystal structure of solids.
- Allows determination of atomic spacing, phase composition, and lattice defects.
- X-ray computed tomography (CT scanning)
- Creates 3D images by taking multiple X-ray views from different angles.
- Useful for studying complex internal geometries in engineering and biology.
In short, X-rays act like a non-destructive probe, allowing scientists and engineers to “see” inside materials at both the structural and atomic levels.