Genetically modified (GM) plants are regulated through strict scientific, environmental, and legal procedures to ensure they are safe for humans, animals, and the environment before being released or used commercially. The goal is to prevent any potential risks associated with genetic modification while promoting responsible innovation.
Here’s how GM plants are regulated:
1. Research and Containment
- GM plants are first studied in laboratories and greenhouses under controlled conditions.
- Scientists must obtain approval to conduct experiments that involve inserting or modifying genes.
- Containment ensures that genetically modified material does not spread into the environment accidentally.
2. Biosafety Evaluation
Before a GM plant is approved for field trials or commercial use, it undergoes comprehensive biosafety assessments to check for:
- Human health safety: Possible allergenicity or toxicity of the modified proteins.
- Environmental impact: Effects on soil, non-target organisms, and biodiversity.
- Gene flow risks: Potential transfer of modified genes to wild relatives or non-GM crops.
- Agronomic performance: Stability and effectiveness of the introduced trait (like pest or drought resistance).
3. Field Trials
- After lab testing, field trials are conducted under regulatory supervision.
- These trials monitor how the GM plant behaves in natural conditions—its yield, stability, and ecological interactions.
- Data from these trials are submitted to regulatory authorities for further evaluation.
4. Approval by Regulatory Bodies
Each country has its own regulatory agencies to review and approve GM crops:
- India: Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
- United States: USDA (for agriculture), EPA (for environmental safety), and FDA (for food safety).
- European Union: European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
These agencies review scientific data, risk assessments, and public feedback before granting approval.
5. Post-Release Monitoring
- Even after approval, GM crops are monitored continuously to detect any long-term effects.
- Farmers and researchers report observations related to performance, pest resistance, or ecological changes.
6. Labeling and Public Transparency
- In many countries, GM foods must be clearly labeled to inform consumers.
- Public consultation and awareness are key parts of the regulatory process.
In summary:
Genetically modified plants are regulated through a multi-step process—from laboratory research and biosafety testing to government approval and post-release monitoring. This ensures that GM crops are safe, sustainable, and beneficial before they are introduced into agriculture or the food chain.