X-ray Diffraction (XRD) is an analytical technique used to study the structure of crystalline materials by observing how X-rays interact with the crystal lattice.
How XRD Works
- A beam of X-rays is directed at a crystalline sample.
- The X-rays are scattered by the atoms in the crystal.
- Constructive interference of the scattered X-rays produces diffraction patterns.
- These patterns are measured and analyzed to determine crystal structure, spacing, and orientation.
What XRD Can Tell Us
- Crystal Structure: Identifies whether a material is cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, etc.
- Phase Identification: Detects different crystalline phases in a mixture.
- Lattice Parameters: Measures distances between atomic planes.
- Crystallite Size and Strain: Provides information on particle size and defects in crystals.
Applications of XRD
- Material Science: Analyze metals, ceramics, and nanomaterials.
- Pharmaceuticals: Check crystal forms of drugs.
- Geology: Identify minerals in rocks.
- Environmental Analysis: Detect crystalline contaminants in soil or sediments.
In short:
XRD is a technique that uses X-rays to study the arrangement of atoms in crystals, helping scientists identify phases, structure, and physical properties of materials.