Gene expression in plants is the process by which the information stored in a plant’s DNA is used to produce functional molecules, mainly proteins and sometimes RNA molecules that control plant structure, growth, and responses to the environment.
In simple terms, it is how a gene “turns on” and shows its effect in the plant.
The main steps of gene expression:
- Transcription
- The DNA sequence of a gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA).
- This happens in the nucleus.
- The mRNA carries the genetic message from DNA to the cytoplasm.
- RNA Processing
- In plant cells, the newly made pre-mRNA is modified:
- A cap and tail are added for stability.
- Introns (non-coding parts) are removed, and exons (coding parts) are joined together.
- The result is mature mRNA.
- In plant cells, the newly made pre-mRNA is modified:
- Translation
- The mRNA travels to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
- tRNA molecules bring amino acids, which are joined together to form a protein according to the mRNA code.
- Post-translational modification
- The protein may be folded, activated, or modified to perform its specific function in the plant cell.
Why gene expression is important in plants:
- It allows plants to grow and develop different tissues (roots, stems, leaves, flowers).
- It helps plants respond to environmental changes, such as light, drought, or temperature.
- It controls the production of enzymes, hormones, pigments, and structural proteins needed for survival.
In short:
Gene expression in plants is how genetic information in DNA is converted into proteins and molecules that make the plant function, adapt, and thrive.